Emulating Photosynthesis: A New Paradigm for Photovoltaic Light Harvesting

  • Dr David Officer, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
  • George Tsekouras, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
  • Dr Ying Dong, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, University of Wollongong, Australia
  • Pawel Wagner, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
  • Gordon Wallace, ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Australia
  • Ana Morandeira, Centre for Electronic Materials and Devices, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
  • Professor James Durrant, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
  • Replicating photosynthetic processes in devices could provide a new generation of economical photovoltaic devices and lay the foundation for sustainable hydrogen production through water splitting. In the dye-sensitised solar cell (DSSC) or Grätzel photoelectrochemical cell, light is harvested using a large surface area of dye (that may be a chlorophyll-like molecule) bound to a mesoporous thin film of nanostructured titanium dioxide and, following charge separation and injection of an electron into the semiconductor, the oxidised dye is reduced by a redox mediator. This has often been likened to the light harvesting component of photosynthesis. However, in the exquisitely structured photosynthetic light harvesting process, light is absorbed by a 3-dimensional non-covalent array of up to three hundred chlorophyll "dyes" that make up the light harvesting antenna, and the energy transferred to the "special pair" of bacteriochlorins in the Reaction Centre, within which charge separation occurs. In other words, in photosynthesis, the energy absorption and transfer, and charge separation processes are somewhat isolated from each other. Emulating this in the titanium dioxide solar cell would offer the potential to improve cell efficiency both through enhanced light harvesting as well as control of the energy and electron transfer processes. Using mixtures of simple porphyrins as both the light harvesting dyes and the acceptors, we have demonstrated for the first time that, as in photosynthesis, the light harvesting and charge separation processes can be separated on TiO2, opening the way for new photovoltaic device designs and higher efficiency solar cells.